Was heißt »Ableger« auf Englisch?

Das Substantiv »Ableger« lässt sich wie folgt von Deutsch auf Englisch übersetzen:

Synonyme

The pastry was coated with a wafer-thin layer of chocolate.
The biscuit was coated with a wafer-thin layer of chocolate.
The cobbles lie dormant beneath a layer of asphalt.
The layer of ice was thick enough to walk on.
Measurements from satellites in 2017 showed that the hole in Earth’s ozone layer that forms over Antarctica each September was the smallest observed since 1988.
A layer of leaves lies on the pavement.
The exosphere is the highest layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 kilometers.
The mesosphere is also the layer in which a lot of meteors burn up while entering Earth’s atmosphere.
Since most of the air is located closest to Earth’s surface, the troposphere is the densest layer of the atmosphere.
The lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, begins at Earth’s surface and reaches up to 7 kilometers at the poles and to about 17–18 kilometers at the equator.
The ice contains bubbles of the air from each year. Scientists analyze the bubbles in each layer to see how much CO2 they contain.
The ozone layer helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
A fresh layer of snow covered the street.
If not for the ozone layer, we would be in imminent danger.
It is impossible to burn a copy of Dante's Inferno because the ice of the ninth layer of hell will put out any fires kindled with earlier pages.
This chart illustrates the function of ozone layer.
Without the ozone layer, we would be in danger.